Research on the biological basis of panic disorder has produced a series of data, according to one interpretation, the symptoms of panic disorder can cause various biological abnormalities in brain structure and function (see also post on biological theories of anxiety ).
Most of the work was done through the use of biological stimulants to induce a panic attack in patients with panic disorder.
These and other studies have suggested that involve pro duct a dysregulation of the peripheral and central nervous system in the pathophysiology of panic distur bo.
The autonomic nervous system of some individuals have an increased sympathetic tone, a slow adaptation to repeated stimuli and an excessive response to stimuli moderates. Research on neuroendocrine function in patients with panic disorder have identified various abnormalities, although the results of the studies were not unique.
The major neurotransmitter systems involved are noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABA-ergic (gamma-ami no-butyrate) .
The totality of biological data has led to a focus on the trunk brain (particularly neurons of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons of the median raphe nucleus), the limbic system (perhaps the origin of ' anticipatory anxiety) and the prefrontal cortex (perhaps the origin of' phobic avoidance ).
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